Modern physics

Where Traditional Physics Stops
We're about to move into the modern age of
physics. In the early 1800's, scientists began
examining the basis of matter, space, and time.
Sometimes it gets very confusing, but the big idea
is that Newton's physics describe about 90% of
the way things work in the universe ( mechanics ).
His ideas start to break down when you talk
about ideas such as objects moving at the speed
of light, the inside of atoms, extreme
temperatures, and when the objects are huge (like
galaxies interacting with each other).
Into the Atom
The original idea of atoms developed by Niels
Bohr showed a structure based on various shells
and a center area called the nucleus . The
electrons were found in those shells while the
protons and neutrons were found in the nucleus.
There are other ways to look at the structure of
atoms (you may have heard of "spdf"), but we're
going to stick with the classic view for many of
our discussions. This view of the structure of an
atom was one of the foundations for modern
physics.
Into the Universe
Albert Einstein also played a large part in modern
physics. He developed formulas that described the
way matter and energy were related. Just about
everyone has heard of the formula E=mc^2 . That
formula explains how energy is related to mass.
The idea found its way into the study of fission
reactions, and it was proved that enormous
amounts of energy were stored in even one atom
of a substance.
Current Studies
Even now, scientists are still testing the
boundaries of physics and the laws of physics.
Only a few years ago a new state of matter was
created. The Bose-Einstein condensate was
theorized decades ago, but scientists have only
recently been able to create it in a lab. Every day
astronomers are studying space and learning how
black holes and galaxies interact. Stephen
Hawking is one of the more famous scientists
working in that field. Our point is, there is still
much to discover.

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